5 Alarming Facts About Patellar Luxation in Small Dogs

What Is Patellar Luxation?

Patellar luxation, a common orthopedic issue in dogs, occurs when the kneecap (patella) moves out of its normal position. In most cases, the kneecap dislocates medially (towards the inside of the leg). This condition is graded from mild (Grade I) to severe (Grade IV), with the higher grades indicating a more persistent or irreversible dislocation. Dogs may occasionally skip on one leg or limp due to discomfort, but the condition can worsen without treatment.

• Grade I: The kneecap occasionally slips out but returns to normal without intervention.
• Grade II: The kneecap dislocates more often and may need manual correction.
• Grade III: The kneecap is out of position most of the time but can still be realigned manually.
• Grade IV: The kneecap is permanently out of place and cannot be realigned without surgery.

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The Facts:

1. Common in Toy Breeds: Patellar luxation is more prevalent in small and toy dog breeds. These dogs often have shallow knee grooves or weak muscles that make them more susceptible.
2. Can Be Hereditary: The condition is often inherited, meaning dogs are born with a predisposition to develop patellar luxation. Breeding dogs with a history of this condition can increase the chances of passing it on to future generations.
3. Leads to Lameness: Dogs with patellar luxation often develop lameness or an unusual gait, especially in advanced stages of the condition. This affects their ability to walk, run, or play comfortably.
4. Early Diagnosis is Crucial: Detecting the condition early can prevent it from progressing to more severe stages. Regular veterinary check-ups can help identify the issue before it worsens.
5. Surgery Might Be Needed: In severe cases, particularly in Grade III and IV, surgical intervention is often required to realign the kneecap and prevent further dislocation. The cost of surgery can range from $1,500 to $5,000.

What Causes Patellar Luxation?

Several factors can cause patellar luxation, including:

• Genetics: As a congenital condition, some dogs are born with structural abnormalities that increase the risk of patellar luxation.
• Trauma: Injury to the knee, such as a fall or sudden impact, can also cause the kneecap to dislocate.
• Knee Structure Abnormalities: Dogs with shallow femoral grooves or poor muscle development around the knee joint are more likely to develop this condition.

These underlying causes often make it difficult to prevent patellar luxation entirely, but managing risk factors can help.

Which Dog Breeds Are Prone to Patellar Luxation?

Small breeds, especially the ones listed below, are among the most susceptible.

However, even larger breeds can occasionally develop this condition, though it is much less common:

• Yorkshire Terrier
• Pomeranian
• Chihuahua
• Toy Poodle
• Shih Tzu
• Maltese
• Papillon
• Bichon Frise
• Boston Terrier
• French Bulldog

Due to their size and genetics, these breeds are at a higher risk of developing patellar luxation. Dog owners of these breeds should pay special attention to their dog’s gait and overall mobility.

What Are the Symptoms of Patellar Luxation?

The symptoms of patellar luxation can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but common signs include:

• Intermittent lameness: Dogs may occasionally limp or favor one leg while walking.
• Skipping gait: Affected dogs may skip or hop on one leg to avoid putting weight on the affected knee.
• Difficulty standing: Some dogs may struggle to stand or sit without discomfort.
• Kicking motion: Dogs may extend their leg in a kicking motion as they try to reposition their kneecap.

In more severe cases, dogs may whimper, lick the affected joint, or avoid physical activity altogether.

How Is Patellar Luxation Diagnosed?

Veterinarians use physical examinations to diagnose patellar luxation by manipulating the dog’s knee joint to check for instability.

Additionally, X-rays or CT scans may be used to assess the severity of the condition.

Early detection is critical for preventing further joint damage. If the condition is caught early, non-surgical treatments can help manage symptoms effectively.

What Treatment Options Are Available for Patellar Luxation?

The treatment for patellar luxation depends on the severity of the condition.

For mild cases (Grade I and II), non-surgical options are often effective.

Here are some common treatment methods:

• Weight Control: Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce stress on the joints.

• Physical Therapy: This includes exercises and tools to strengthen muscles around the knee joint, such as: Balance boards and Underwater treadmills.

• Joint Supplements: Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements help support joint health and may reduce inflammation.

• Anti-Inflammatory Medications: Prescription medications to manage pain and reduce inflammation.

• Protective Footwear: For dogs recovering from surgery or those with gait issues, protective boots can offer added stability.

• Knee Braces: Non-invasive braces provide stabilization for the knee, reducing discomfort and the likelihood of further dislocation. These are particularly useful for dogs with mild to moderate luxation or during post-surgical recovery.

By using a combination of these treatments under veterinary supervision, dogs with patellar luxation can experience better mobility and comfort.

How Do Dog Braces for Patellar Luxation Work?

Dog knee braces are designed to provide external support to the knee joint, reducing strain on the muscles and ligaments surrounding the patella.

They work by stabilizing the knee during movement, which minimizes the risk of the kneecap slipping out of its groove.

While braces won’t cure patellar luxation, they can manage symptoms effectively, improving the dog’s comfort and mobility.

What Types of Braces Are Available for Dogs With Patellar Luxation?

• Custom-Fit Braces: Made specifically for the dog based on their measurements and offer the best support. These braces are typically recommended for dogs with more severe or chronic cases. Custom braces can range from $300 to $800.
• Ready-Made Braces: Available in standard sizes and are often more affordable. They can be a good option for dogs with less severe cases or for temporary use. Off-the-shelf versions may cost between $50 and $300.
• Check out this 4-in-1 Dog Knee Brace Bundle on Amazon

How Much Does Patellar Luxation Surgery Cost?

More severe cases (Grade III and IV) may require surgery, which can cost between $1,500 and $5,000 depending on the complexity of the procedure.

Surgery aims to realign the kneecap and stabilize the knee joint, helping prevent further luxation.

Can Patellar Luxation Be Prevented?

Though you can’t always prevent patellar luxation, certain measures can reduce the risk:

• Choose reputable breeders who screen for genetic issues.
• Keep your dog at a healthy weight.
• Provide regular exercise to maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility.

Conclusion

Patellar luxation can significantly affect a dog’s mobility and quality of life, but with early diagnosis and proper management, many dogs can live comfortably.

If you suspect your dog is experiencing symptoms, consult your veterinarian for evaluation and to explore treatment options.

Check out our Health & Wellness Page to see articles on specific illnesses and diseases.

For further reading on patellar luxation and related orthopedic conditions, check out the Merck Veterinary Manual.